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820) with those obtained by HSPICE with 1, 10, 50, and 500 lumped RLC elements are shown in Fig 385 [19] For these comparisons, the interconnection metal is assumed to be copper surrounded by a low-k dielectric The various interconnection parameters are as follows: Interconnection length 36 cm Interconnection cross section 21 mm 21 mm Resistance per unit length 379 /cm (.

TRAMA, TSMA, MACAW) Second, MAC algorithms based on medium reservation mechanisms (MACA, MACAW) may fail in the event of mobility, since the reservation procedures usually assume static nodes For instance, algorithms based on the RTS/CTS handshake to reserve the medium may fail because either the corresponding nodes move outside the mutual coverage range after the handshake or external nodes get into the contention area and start transmitting without being aware of the medium reservation Nevertheless, many MAC algorithms considered in this chapter are capable of self-adapting to the topology variations in the case of node mobility Algorithms like TRAMA, TSMA and SMACS-EAR can still adapt to topology variations, but at the expense of energy-ef ciency and access delay Node heterogenity MAC algorithms for heterogenous networks have not yet been investigated in the literature.

Algorithms based on channel sensing (CSMAbased) provide some resilience to interference produced by other radio interfaces operating on the same frequency band and, thus, can be adopted in a heterogenous system However, this solution would not leverage on the nodes diversity This topic is, indeed, still to be investigated in the literature Power consumption Energy-ef ciency is considered in several MAC protocols, particularly in the case of WSNs A typical method to reduce energy consumption is to let nodes alternate periods of activity and sleeping Notice that such on/off cycles may either be managed independently of the MAC protocol or as part of it For instance, CSMA, MACA and MACAW protocols do not explicitly consider the presence of such on/off cycles Nevertheless, CSMA behavior is not affected by on/off cycles, while MACA and MACAW may fail since they assume nodes are always noti ed of the channel state.

FIGURE 4.2.8 (a) Crosstalk waveforms for different values of signal source resistance Rs . (b) Crosstalk amplitude versus Rs . (From [5]. # 1984 by IEEE.)

Protocols like PAMAS and SMAC, on the other hand, take into account the sleeping periods of the nodes, thus allowing a more ef cient power management of the system Usually, this is obtained at the cost of a higher complexity of the MAC protocol Real-time Contention-based MAC protocols cannot usually provide any realtime guarantees Conversely, contention-free algorithms, such as TSMA or TRAMA, are able to guarantee a given maximum access delay, which depends on the number of competing nodes Reliability Almost all the MAC algorithms considered in the chapter require explicit acknowledgment (ACK) of correct data reception from the receiver Usually, in case of missing or negative ACK, the data link layer entity retransmits the data unit However, the process is stopped when a given number of retransmissions is reached In this case, the data unit is discarded Hence, in general, MAC protocols can provide only limited reliability.

Notice that contention-based MAC algorithms are prone to transmission errors due to collisions, events that, on the contrary, never occur in contention-free algorithms Therefore, contention-based algorithms are typically less reliable that contention-free ones..

Membrane material Na2O-CaO-SiO2 Li2O-Cs2O-La2O3-SiO2 Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2 Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2 LaF3 AgCl; AgCl-Ag2S AgBr; AgBr-Ag2S AgI; AgI-Ag2S AgI Ag2S CuS-Ag2S CdS-Ag2S PbS-Ag2S

sorting algorithms, called Quicksort; and his introduction of the formal logic system known as Hoare Logic Born in Sri Lanka in 1934, the son of British parents, he attended Oxford University in the early 1950s, where he studied the classics He received his bachelor s degree from Oxford in classics in 1956 and stayed on for another year to study statistics After serving two years in the Royal Navy, he embarked on a course of studies of computer translation of human languages and probability theory at Moscow State University in what was then the Soviet Union Along the way, he became keenly interested not only in computer science in general but also in the use of logic as a method of determination of mathematical truth.